Lenina, a hatchery worker, is socially accepted and contented, but Bernard, a psychologist in the Directorate of Hatcheries and Conditioning, is not. The society is illuminated by the activities of the novel's central characters, Lenina Crowne and Bernard Marx, and others. The novel opens in London in AF 632 (AD 2540 in the Gregorian calendar). Not only was Huxley outraged by the culture of youth, commercial cheeriness and sexual promiscuity, and the inward-looking nature of many Americans, he had also found the book My Life and Work by Henry Ford on the boat to America, and he saw the book's principles applied in everything he encountered after leaving San Francisco. An early trip to the United States gave Brave New World much of its character. Huxley used the setting and characters in his science fiction novel to express widely held opinions, particularly the fear of losing individual identity in the fast-paced world of the future. ![]() Huxley visited Mond's technologically advanced plant near Billingham, north east England, shortly before writing the novel, and it made a great impression on him. The Brave New World character Mustapha Mond, Resident World Controller of Western Europe, is named after Sir Alfred Mond. The events of the Depression in Britain in 1931, with its mass unemployment and the abandonment of the gold currency standard, persuaded Huxley to assert that stability was the "primal and ultimate need" if civilisation was to survive the present crisis. The scientific futurism in Brave New World is believed to be cribbed from Daedalus by J. According to We translator Natasha Randall, Orwell believed that Huxley was lying. However, in a 1962 letter, Huxley says that he wrote Brave New World long before he had heard of We. George Orwell believed that Brave New World must have been partly derived from the novel We by Yevgeny Zamyatin. Huxley referred to Brave New World as a "negative utopia", somewhat influenced by Wells' own The Sleeper Awakes (dealing with subjects like corporate tyranny and behavioural conditioning) and the works of D. Wells," but then he "got caught up in the excitement of own ideas." Unlike the most popular optimist utopian novels of the time, Huxley sought to provide a frightening vision of the future. Arthur Goldsmith, an American acquaintance, that he had "been having a little fun pulling the leg of H. Wells' hopeful vision of the future's possibilities gave Huxley the idea to begin writing a parody of the novel, which became Brave New World. Wells, including A Modern Utopia (1905) and Men Like Gods (1923). Huxley said that Brave New World was inspired by the utopian novels of H. ![]() Brave New World was Huxley's fifth novel and first dystopian work. He was a contributor to Vanity Fair and Vogue magazines, and had published a collection of his poetry ( The Burning Wheel, 1916) and four successful satirical novels: Crome Yellow (1921), Antic Hay (1923), Those Barren Leaves (1925), and Point Counter Point (1928). By this time, Huxley had already established himself as a writer and social satirist. Huxley wrote Brave New World in his house in Sanary-sur-Mer, France in the four months from May to August 1931. Translations of the title often allude to similar expressions used in domestic works of literature: the French edition of the work is entitled Le Meilleur des mondes ( The Best of All Worlds), an allusion to an expression used by the philosopher Gottfried Leibniz and satirised in Candide, Ou l'Optimisme by Voltaire (1759). How beauteous mankind is! O brave new world, How many goodly creatures are there here! Brave New World's title derives from Miranda's speech in William Shakespeare's The Tempest, Act V, Scene I:
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